https://apps.fz-juelich.de/ceramics/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Field_assisted_sintering_technology%2Fspark_plasma_sinteringField assisted sintering technology/spark plasma sintering - Revision history2026-05-10T14:52:37ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.31.12https://apps.fz-juelich.de/ceramics/index.php?title=Field_assisted_sintering_technology/spark_plasma_sintering&diff=289&oldid=prevW.rheinheimer: /* Measurement of temperature */2021-08-23T13:34:09Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Measurement of temperature</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:34, 23 August 2021</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>ii.) '''Measurement of the temperature with thermocouples:''' Thermocouples are necessarily required for a regulated temperature control of the system at temperatures < 600 °C, since pyrometers do not work reliably in this temperature range. There is also the option of using thermocouples at higher temperatures. Thermocouples of type K (Ni-CrNi) are suitable for the temperature range RT - 1100 ° C and are comparatively inexpensive. Because of the ductility of Ni, type K thermocouples are flexible. For protection, the thermocouples are enclosed in a steel jacket. Type C thermocouples (W5Re-W26Re) with a molybdenum housing enable temperature measurement in the range of RT - 2,200 ° C. The materials used are brittle and expensive, so that their application requires careful handling. Regardless of whether the housing is made of steel or molybdenum, care must be taken that there is no chemical interaction with the tool material during the sintering cycle. '''Figure 13b''' shows a graphite tool equipped with multiple type K thermocouples. One of the thermocouples is used for controlling the heating cycle by temperature measurement of the die and is flexibly installed. Two further thermocouples are firmly fixed to the upper and lower electrodes of the system and serve to protect the water-cooled CuBe electrodes from overheating.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>ii.) '''Measurement of the temperature with thermocouples:''' Thermocouples are necessarily required for a regulated temperature control of the system at temperatures < 600 °C, since pyrometers do not work reliably in this temperature range. There is also the option of using thermocouples at higher temperatures. Thermocouples of type K (Ni-CrNi) are suitable for the temperature range RT - 1100 ° C and are comparatively inexpensive. Because of the ductility of Ni, type K thermocouples are flexible. For protection, the thermocouples are enclosed in a steel jacket. Type C thermocouples (W5Re-W26Re) with a molybdenum housing enable temperature measurement in the range of RT - 2,200 ° C. The materials used are brittle and expensive, so that their application requires careful handling. Regardless of whether the housing is made of steel or molybdenum, care must be taken that there is no chemical interaction with the tool material during the sintering cycle. '''Figure 13b''' shows a graphite tool equipped with multiple type K thermocouples. One of the thermocouples is used for controlling the heating cycle by temperature measurement of the die and is flexibly installed. Two further thermocouples are firmly fixed to the upper and lower electrodes of the system and serve to protect the water-cooled CuBe electrodes from overheating.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Figure 13 FAST SPS.jpg|thumb]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Figure 13 FAST SPS.jpg|thumb<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|center</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 13:''' ''Temperature measurement in the laboratory system HP-D 5 '''a.)''' Pyrometer for measuring the temperature of the upper punch, deflection of the measurement signal via a prism inside the device '''b.)''' Flexible thermocouples of type K. When installing the thermocouples, it must made sure that there is no contact between the thermocouple and the container wall in order to avoid short circuiting.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 13:''' ''Temperature measurement in the laboratory system HP-D 5 '''a.)''' Pyrometer for measuring the temperature of the upper punch, deflection of the measurement signal via a prism inside the device '''b.)''' Flexible thermocouples of type K. When installing the thermocouples, it must made sure that there is no contact between the thermocouple and the container wall in order to avoid short circuiting.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
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</table>W.rheinheimerhttps://apps.fz-juelich.de/ceramics/index.php?title=Field_assisted_sintering_technology/spark_plasma_sintering&diff=288&oldid=prevW.rheinheimer: /* Alternative operation modes of FAST/SPS devices */2021-08-23T13:33:54Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Alternative operation modes of FAST/SPS devices</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:33, 23 August 2021</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l165" >Line 165:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At the IEK-1 institute, the hybrid sintering device H-HP-D25 SD/FL /MoSi is operated, which, in addition to the conventional FAST/SPS mode, enables special kinds of field and pressure-assisted sintering. '''Figure 14''' gives a schematic overview of the options possible with this system.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At the IEK-1 institute, the hybrid sintering device H-HP-D25 SD/FL /MoSi is operated, which, in addition to the conventional FAST/SPS mode, enables special kinds of field and pressure-assisted sintering. '''Figure 14''' gives a schematic overview of the options possible with this system.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''-> Figure </del>14<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''<br></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[File:Wiki Keramik FAST SPS Abb </ins>14 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">englisch.jpg|thumb|center]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 14:''' ''Special forms of field and pressure-assisted sintering '''a.)''' Hybrid FAST/SPS with additional heater (induction coil, MoSi2 heater) '''b.)''' Flash SPS setup '''c.)''' Flash sintering setup with an insulating die.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 14:''' ''Special forms of field and pressure-assisted sintering '''a.)''' Hybrid FAST/SPS with additional heater (induction coil, MoSi2 heater) '''b.)''' Flash SPS setup '''c.)''' Flash sintering setup with an insulating die.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
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</table>W.rheinheimerhttps://apps.fz-juelich.de/ceramics/index.php?title=Field_assisted_sintering_technology/spark_plasma_sintering&diff=287&oldid=prevW.rheinheimer: /* Measurement of temperature */2021-08-23T13:32:57Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Measurement of temperature</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:32, 23 August 2021</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l144" >Line 144:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>ii.) '''Measurement of the temperature with thermocouples:''' Thermocouples are necessarily required for a regulated temperature control of the system at temperatures < 600 °C, since pyrometers do not work reliably in this temperature range. There is also the option of using thermocouples at higher temperatures. Thermocouples of type K (Ni-CrNi) are suitable for the temperature range RT - 1100 ° C and are comparatively inexpensive. Because of the ductility of Ni, type K thermocouples are flexible. For protection, the thermocouples are enclosed in a steel jacket. Type C thermocouples (W5Re-W26Re) with a molybdenum housing enable temperature measurement in the range of RT - 2,200 ° C. The materials used are brittle and expensive, so that their application requires careful handling. Regardless of whether the housing is made of steel or molybdenum, care must be taken that there is no chemical interaction with the tool material during the sintering cycle. '''Figure 13b''' shows a graphite tool equipped with multiple type K thermocouples. One of the thermocouples is used for controlling the heating cycle by temperature measurement of the die and is flexibly installed. Two further thermocouples are firmly fixed to the upper and lower electrodes of the system and serve to protect the water-cooled CuBe electrodes from overheating.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>ii.) '''Measurement of the temperature with thermocouples:''' Thermocouples are necessarily required for a regulated temperature control of the system at temperatures < 600 °C, since pyrometers do not work reliably in this temperature range. There is also the option of using thermocouples at higher temperatures. Thermocouples of type K (Ni-CrNi) are suitable for the temperature range RT - 1100 ° C and are comparatively inexpensive. Because of the ductility of Ni, type K thermocouples are flexible. For protection, the thermocouples are enclosed in a steel jacket. Type C thermocouples (W5Re-W26Re) with a molybdenum housing enable temperature measurement in the range of RT - 2,200 ° C. The materials used are brittle and expensive, so that their application requires careful handling. Regardless of whether the housing is made of steel or molybdenum, care must be taken that there is no chemical interaction with the tool material during the sintering cycle. '''Figure 13b''' shows a graphite tool equipped with multiple type K thermocouples. One of the thermocouples is used for controlling the heating cycle by temperature measurement of the die and is flexibly installed. Two further thermocouples are firmly fixed to the upper and lower electrodes of the system and serve to protect the water-cooled CuBe electrodes from overheating.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''-> </del>Figure 13<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''<br></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[File:</ins>Figure 13 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FAST SPS.jpg|thumb]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 13:''' ''Temperature measurement in the laboratory system HP-D 5 '''a.)''' Pyrometer for measuring the temperature of the upper punch, deflection of the measurement signal via a prism inside the device '''b.)''' Flexible thermocouples of type K. When installing the thermocouples, it must made sure that there is no contact between the thermocouple and the container wall in order to avoid short circuiting.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 13:''' ''Temperature measurement in the laboratory system HP-D 5 '''a.)''' Pyrometer for measuring the temperature of the upper punch, deflection of the measurement signal via a prism inside the device '''b.)''' Flexible thermocouples of type K. When installing the thermocouples, it must made sure that there is no contact between the thermocouple and the container wall in order to avoid short circuiting.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
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</table>W.rheinheimerhttps://apps.fz-juelich.de/ceramics/index.php?title=Field_assisted_sintering_technology/spark_plasma_sintering&diff=285&oldid=prevW.rheinheimer: /* Tool design and tool materials */2021-08-23T13:32:22Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Tool design and tool materials</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:32, 23 August 2021</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l121" >Line 121:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In most cases, graphite tools are used in FAST/SPS systems. '''Figure 11''' shows a selection of graphite tools for the laboratory system HP-D 5 with punch diameters of 12, 20 and 30 mm and for the hybrid sintering device H-HP-D25 with a punch diameter of 100 mm.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In most cases, graphite tools are used in FAST/SPS systems. '''Figure 11''' shows a selection of graphite tools for the laboratory system HP-D 5 with punch diameters of 12, 20 and 30 mm and for the hybrid sintering device H-HP-D25 with a punch diameter of 100 mm.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Figure 11 FAST SPS.jpg|thumb]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Figure 11 FAST SPS.jpg|thumb<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|center</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 11:''' ''Graphite tools for performing FAST/SPS cycles '''a.)''' Overview: die, punch with hole for pyrometer, cone for adaptation to the geometry of the electrodes of the FAST/SPS device '''b.)''' Tools for the laboratory device HP-D 5 with a diameter of 12, 20 and 30 mm and '''c.)''' Tools for the hybrid sintering device H-HP-D25 with a diameter of 100 mm.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 11:''' ''Graphite tools for performing FAST/SPS cycles '''a.)''' Overview: die, punch with hole for pyrometer, cone for adaptation to the geometry of the electrodes of the FAST/SPS device '''b.)''' Tools for the laboratory device HP-D 5 with a diameter of 12, 20 and 30 mm and '''c.)''' Tools for the hybrid sintering device H-HP-D25 with a diameter of 100 mm.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l128" >Line 128:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If pressures well above 100 MPa or long tool life are desired, the following materials can used as alternative to graphite. At temperatures up to 600 °C, the use of a high-speed steel (e.g. W360, Böhler) is recommended, which can resist pressures of up to 400 MPa. If higher temperatures are desired, Mo alloys (e.g. Ti-Zr-Mo TZM, Plansee) can be used, which enable maximum temperature of approx. 1100 ° C and maximum pressure of 350 MPa. The maximum operating temperature of metal tools is limited by the onset of creep processes and severe grain coarsening. Both effects can cause a macroscopic deformation of the tools, so that in the worst case the punch can become jammed in the die. '''Figure 12''' shows as an example tools made of W360 steel and TZM.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If pressures well above 100 MPa or long tool life are desired, the following materials can used as alternative to graphite. At temperatures up to 600 °C, the use of a high-speed steel (e.g. W360, Böhler) is recommended, which can resist pressures of up to 400 MPa. If higher temperatures are desired, Mo alloys (e.g. Ti-Zr-Mo TZM, Plansee) can be used, which enable maximum temperature of approx. 1100 ° C and maximum pressure of 350 MPa. The maximum operating temperature of metal tools is limited by the onset of creep processes and severe grain coarsening. Both effects can cause a macroscopic deformation of the tools, so that in the worst case the punch can become jammed in the die. '''Figure 12''' shows as an example tools made of W360 steel and TZM.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Figure 12 FAST SPS.jpg|thumb]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Figure 12 FAST SPS.jpg|thumb<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|center</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 12:''' ''Metallic tools '''a.)''' Overview: Die, punch, and cone of a tool made of W360 steel '''b.)''' Same tool in the assembled state '''c.)''' Similar tool made of TZM.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 12:''' ''Metallic tools '''a.)''' Overview: Die, punch, and cone of a tool made of W360 steel '''b.)''' Same tool in the assembled state '''c.)''' Similar tool made of TZM.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
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</table>W.rheinheimerhttps://apps.fz-juelich.de/ceramics/index.php?title=Field_assisted_sintering_technology/spark_plasma_sintering&diff=284&oldid=prevW.rheinheimer: /* Tool design and tool materials */2021-08-23T13:32:00Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Tool design and tool materials</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:32, 23 August 2021</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l121" >Line 121:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 121:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In most cases, graphite tools are used in FAST/SPS systems. '''Figure 11''' shows a selection of graphite tools for the laboratory system HP-D 5 with punch diameters of 12, 20 and 30 mm and for the hybrid sintering device H-HP-D25 with a punch diameter of 100 mm.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In most cases, graphite tools are used in FAST/SPS systems. '''Figure 11''' shows a selection of graphite tools for the laboratory system HP-D 5 with punch diameters of 12, 20 and 30 mm and for the hybrid sintering device H-HP-D25 with a punch diameter of 100 mm.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''-> </del>Figure 11<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''<br></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[File:</ins>Figure 11 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FAST SPS.jpg|thumb]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 11:''' ''Graphite tools for performing FAST/SPS cycles '''a.)''' Overview: die, punch with hole for pyrometer, cone for adaptation to the geometry of the electrodes of the FAST/SPS device '''b.)''' Tools for the laboratory device HP-D 5 with a diameter of 12, 20 and 30 mm and '''c.)''' Tools for the hybrid sintering device H-HP-D25 with a diameter of 100 mm.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 11:''' ''Graphite tools for performing FAST/SPS cycles '''a.)''' Overview: die, punch with hole for pyrometer, cone for adaptation to the geometry of the electrodes of the FAST/SPS device '''b.)''' Tools for the laboratory device HP-D 5 with a diameter of 12, 20 and 30 mm and '''c.)''' Tools for the hybrid sintering device H-HP-D25 with a diameter of 100 mm.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l128" >Line 128:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 128:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If pressures well above 100 MPa or long tool life are desired, the following materials can used as alternative to graphite. At temperatures up to 600 °C, the use of a high-speed steel (e.g. W360, Böhler) is recommended, which can resist pressures of up to 400 MPa. If higher temperatures are desired, Mo alloys (e.g. Ti-Zr-Mo TZM, Plansee) can be used, which enable maximum temperature of approx. 1100 ° C and maximum pressure of 350 MPa. The maximum operating temperature of metal tools is limited by the onset of creep processes and severe grain coarsening. Both effects can cause a macroscopic deformation of the tools, so that in the worst case the punch can become jammed in the die. '''Figure 12''' shows as an example tools made of W360 steel and TZM.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If pressures well above 100 MPa or long tool life are desired, the following materials can used as alternative to graphite. At temperatures up to 600 °C, the use of a high-speed steel (e.g. W360, Böhler) is recommended, which can resist pressures of up to 400 MPa. If higher temperatures are desired, Mo alloys (e.g. Ti-Zr-Mo TZM, Plansee) can be used, which enable maximum temperature of approx. 1100 ° C and maximum pressure of 350 MPa. The maximum operating temperature of metal tools is limited by the onset of creep processes and severe grain coarsening. Both effects can cause a macroscopic deformation of the tools, so that in the worst case the punch can become jammed in the die. '''Figure 12''' shows as an example tools made of W360 steel and TZM.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''-> </del>Figure 12<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''<br></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[File:</ins>Figure 12 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FAST SPS.jpg|thumb]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 12:''' ''Metallic tools '''a.)''' Overview: Die, punch, and cone of a tool made of W360 steel '''b.)''' Same tool in the assembled state '''c.)''' Similar tool made of TZM.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 12:''' ''Metallic tools '''a.)''' Overview: Die, punch, and cone of a tool made of W360 steel '''b.)''' Same tool in the assembled state '''c.)''' Similar tool made of TZM.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
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</table>W.rheinheimerhttps://apps.fz-juelich.de/ceramics/index.php?title=Field_assisted_sintering_technology/spark_plasma_sintering&diff=281&oldid=prevW.rheinheimer: /* How to conduct a standard FAST/SPS cycle */2021-08-23T13:30:57Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">How to conduct a standard FAST/SPS cycle</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:30, 23 August 2021</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l88" >Line 88:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 88:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>ii.) '''Mounting of the tool and programming the FAST/SPS device:''' At the laboratory system HP-D 5, the programming of the FAST/SPS parameters can be done via a process controller type Stange SE607 ('''Figure 6'''). The main operating parameters temperature, pressing force, pulse length of the current and moving speed of the lower electrode is programmed in individual program segments. During the FAST/SPS cycle, all process data are shown on the controller display as a numerical values and as a time-resolved graph. In parallel, all data are saved via a data logger integrated in the system. By default, the data are transferred to an external PC for data management and further evaluation. Individual parameter sets of the users are also stored on the PC and can be easily transferred to the controller if required.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>ii.) '''Mounting of the tool and programming the FAST/SPS device:''' At the laboratory system HP-D 5, the programming of the FAST/SPS parameters can be done via a process controller type Stange SE607 ('''Figure 6'''). The main operating parameters temperature, pressing force, pulse length of the current and moving speed of the lower electrode is programmed in individual program segments. During the FAST/SPS cycle, all process data are shown on the controller display as a numerical values and as a time-resolved graph. In parallel, all data are saved via a data logger integrated in the system. By default, the data are transferred to an external PC for data management and further evaluation. Individual parameter sets of the users are also stored on the PC and can be easily transferred to the controller if required.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Figure 06 FAST SPS.jpg|thumb]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Figure 06 FAST SPS.jpg|thumb<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|center</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 6:''' ''Display of the controller of the HP-D 5 device giving a compact overview of all process-relevant data.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 6:''' ''Display of the controller of the HP-D 5 device giving a compact overview of all process-relevant data.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 7''' shows the graphite tool mounted into the HP-D 5 devices as well as the CuBe electrodes. Optionally, the graphite tool can be thermally isolated with a jacket made of a graphite felt (not shown here). A graphite cord can be used to fix the graphite felt on the tool.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 7''' shows the graphite tool mounted into the HP-D 5 devices as well as the CuBe electrodes. Optionally, the graphite tool can be thermally isolated with a jacket made of a graphite felt (not shown here). A graphite cord can be used to fix the graphite felt on the tool.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Figure 07 FAST SPS.jpg|thumb]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Figure 07 FAST SPS.jpg|thumb<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|center</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 7:''' ''View on the processing chamber of the HP-D 5 device with mounted graphite tool. When installing the tool and the two cones, it should be noted that graphite is a brittle and shock-sensitive material and therefore breaks very easily. For this reason, sudden contact of all graphite parts with the other system components (stamp, chamber walls) must be avoided.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 7:''' ''View on the processing chamber of the HP-D 5 device with mounted graphite tool. When installing the tool and the two cones, it should be noted that graphite is a brittle and shock-sensitive material and therefore breaks very easily. For this reason, sudden contact of all graphite parts with the other system components (stamp, chamber walls) must be avoided.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l100" >Line 100:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 100:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>iii.) '''Choice and regulation of the sintering atmosphere:''' A FAST/SPS cycle is usually carried out in vacuum or under protective gas atmosphere. Accordingly, the process chamber is evacuated by a vacuum pump at the beginning of the cycle. In the laboratory device HP-D 5, a vacuum of approx. 0.5 mbar is achieved; in larger systems, this value can also be higher (e.g. 20 mbar for the DSP515). The quality of the vacuum depends on the sealing of the process chamber and the power of the vacuum pump. If aiming on a high vacuum, cost of the FAST/SPS device significantly increases. After evacuation, the chamber can optionally be flooded with gases such as N<sub>2</sub>, Ar or Ar/H<sub>2</sub> (static atmosphere control) or a continuous gas flow (dynamic atmosphere control). Figure 8 shows the valves for feeding the individual gases from the institute's gas store into the system. The evacuation of the process chamber and the optional supply of protective gases to the process chamber is regulated by the system control and takes place automated. The pressure in the process chamber is continuously recorded in the HP-D 5 device by two sensors with different measuring ranges (coarse sensor 1.0 - 1300 mbar, fine sensor 0.01 - 13 mbar), which are positioned at the gas outlet. For operation of the system under relative pressure (reduced pressure in relation to the ambient pressure), the system is also equipped with a relative pressure sensor, which enables to regulate the relative pressure in the range of 5 - 50 mbar. Static or dynamic operation is also possible in the relative pressure mode. A safety valve is used to protect the processing chamber against overpressure. The valve opens at an overpressure of 100 mbar above the ambient pressure. The pressure curve during the FAST/SPS cycle is recorded continuously. An analysis of the pressure curve can be helpful if components outgas from the sample or if the sample decomposes under the FAST/SPS conditions.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>iii.) '''Choice and regulation of the sintering atmosphere:''' A FAST/SPS cycle is usually carried out in vacuum or under protective gas atmosphere. Accordingly, the process chamber is evacuated by a vacuum pump at the beginning of the cycle. In the laboratory device HP-D 5, a vacuum of approx. 0.5 mbar is achieved; in larger systems, this value can also be higher (e.g. 20 mbar for the DSP515). The quality of the vacuum depends on the sealing of the process chamber and the power of the vacuum pump. If aiming on a high vacuum, cost of the FAST/SPS device significantly increases. After evacuation, the chamber can optionally be flooded with gases such as N<sub>2</sub>, Ar or Ar/H<sub>2</sub> (static atmosphere control) or a continuous gas flow (dynamic atmosphere control). Figure 8 shows the valves for feeding the individual gases from the institute's gas store into the system. The evacuation of the process chamber and the optional supply of protective gases to the process chamber is regulated by the system control and takes place automated. The pressure in the process chamber is continuously recorded in the HP-D 5 device by two sensors with different measuring ranges (coarse sensor 1.0 - 1300 mbar, fine sensor 0.01 - 13 mbar), which are positioned at the gas outlet. For operation of the system under relative pressure (reduced pressure in relation to the ambient pressure), the system is also equipped with a relative pressure sensor, which enables to regulate the relative pressure in the range of 5 - 50 mbar. Static or dynamic operation is also possible in the relative pressure mode. A safety valve is used to protect the processing chamber against overpressure. The valve opens at an overpressure of 100 mbar above the ambient pressure. The pressure curve during the FAST/SPS cycle is recorded continuously. An analysis of the pressure curve can be helpful if components outgas from the sample or if the sample decomposes under the FAST/SPS conditions.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Figure 08 FAST SPS.jpg|thumb]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Figure 08 FAST SPS.jpg|thumb<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|center</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 8:''' ''Valves for flooding the processing chamber with the protective gases Ar, N<sub>2</sub>, Ar/H<sub>2</sub>.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 8:''' ''Valves for flooding the processing chamber with the protective gases Ar, N<sub>2</sub>, Ar/H<sub>2</sub>.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l109" >Line 109:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 109:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>iv.) '''Performing of the FAST/SPS cycle:''' After the device has been prepared, the selected program is started and runs automatically. '''Figure 9''' shows the graphite die during the heating process. As already mentioned, the operation of FAST/SPS devices is usually temperature-controlled. This means that the controller defines the temperature and the system regulates the current and voltage in such a way that the temperature profile is adhered to the specification as precisely as possible. In order to keep the deviations from the programmed temperature curve as low as possible, the system is equipped with a PID control (PID = Proportional-Integral-Derivative). This control unit iteratively adapt the optimal current and voltage curves for heating the tool to the respective electrical resistance of the tool.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>iv.) '''Performing of the FAST/SPS cycle:''' After the device has been prepared, the selected program is started and runs automatically. '''Figure 9''' shows the graphite die during the heating process. As already mentioned, the operation of FAST/SPS devices is usually temperature-controlled. This means that the controller defines the temperature and the system regulates the current and voltage in such a way that the temperature profile is adhered to the specification as precisely as possible. In order to keep the deviations from the programmed temperature curve as low as possible, the system is equipped with a PID control (PID = Proportional-Integral-Derivative). This control unit iteratively adapt the optimal current and voltage curves for heating the tool to the respective electrical resistance of the tool.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Figure 09 FAST SPS.jpg|thumb]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Figure 09 FAST SPS.jpg|thumb<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|center</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 9:''' ''View on the heated graphite tool (punch diameter 20 mm) in the laboratory device HP-D 5. When operating a FAST/SPS system, it should be noted that the high currents in the system cause strong electromagnetic fields, which can damage pacemakers and others sensitive electronic devices.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 9:''' ''View on the heated graphite tool (punch diameter 20 mm) in the laboratory device HP-D 5. When operating a FAST/SPS system, it should be noted that the high currents in the system cause strong electromagnetic fields, which can damage pacemakers and others sensitive electronic devices.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l115" >Line 115:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 115:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At the end of the cycle, the sample can be pressed out of the graphite tool using a hand press, as shown in '''Figure 10'''.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At the end of the cycle, the sample can be pressed out of the graphite tool using a hand press, as shown in '''Figure 10'''.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Figure 10 FAST SPS.jpg|thumb]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Figure 10 FAST SPS.jpg|thumb<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|center</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 10:''' ''Demoulding the sample from the FAST/SPS tool using a hand press. When removing the tool from the FAST/SPS device, please take care since the tool can still be hot.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 10:''' ''Demoulding the sample from the FAST/SPS tool using a hand press. When removing the tool from the FAST/SPS device, please take care since the tool can still be hot.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
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</table>W.rheinheimerhttps://apps.fz-juelich.de/ceramics/index.php?title=Field_assisted_sintering_technology/spark_plasma_sintering&diff=280&oldid=prevW.rheinheimer: /* How to conduct a standard FAST/SPS cycle */2021-08-23T13:30:21Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">How to conduct a standard FAST/SPS cycle</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:30, 23 August 2021</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l78" >Line 78:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 78:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>i.) '''Sample preparation:''' '''Figure 4''' shows the parts of a lab-scale graphite tool (inner diameter 20 mm) as well as the graphite insert foils (thickness 0.35 mm), which are sized with respect to the tool dimensions. In a first step, the graphite foils are positioned on the inner wall of the die and on the faces of the punches. It is important that the foils has a tight contact to the tool components and that there are no kinks or gaps after positioning. For health protection, the graphite tool should be filled in a laboratory hood. Filling can be carried out on a balance. This increases the accuracy of the powder quantity weighed in.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>i.) '''Sample preparation:''' '''Figure 4''' shows the parts of a lab-scale graphite tool (inner diameter 20 mm) as well as the graphite insert foils (thickness 0.35 mm), which are sized with respect to the tool dimensions. In a first step, the graphite foils are positioned on the inner wall of the die and on the faces of the punches. It is important that the foils has a tight contact to the tool components and that there are no kinks or gaps after positioning. For health protection, the graphite tool should be filled in a laboratory hood. Filling can be carried out on a balance. This increases the accuracy of the powder quantity weighed in.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''-> Figure 4'''<br></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Wiki Keramik FAST SPS Abb 04 new.jpg|thumb|center]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Wiki Keramik FAST SPS Abb 04 new.jpg|thumb|center]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 4:''' ''Preparation of the graphite tool and the insert foil for the FAST/SPS cycle. For accurate sample preparation, the powder should be directly balanced in the tool. Furthermore, it is recommended to handle the powder in a hood.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 4:''' ''Preparation of the graphite tool and the insert foil for the FAST/SPS cycle. For accurate sample preparation, the powder should be directly balanced in the tool. Furthermore, it is recommended to handle the powder in a hood.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After filling in the tool, the powder is covered with an additional graphite foil and pre-pressed in a manual laboratory press with 50 MPa (16 KN for diameter 20 mm tool) ('''Figure 5'''). In order to avoid sticking of powder particles on the face the upper punch, the upper punch is removed again and powder residues are manually removed. Afterwards, the upper punch is placed again in the tool.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After filling in the tool, the powder is covered with an additional graphite foil and pre-pressed in a manual laboratory press with 50 MPa (16 KN for diameter 20 mm tool) ('''Figure 5'''). In order to avoid sticking of powder particles on the face the upper punch, the upper punch is removed again and powder residues are manually removed. Afterwards, the upper punch is placed again in the tool.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''-> </del>Figure <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5'''<br></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[File:</ins>Figure <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">05 FAST SPS.jpg|thumb|center]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 5:''' '''''a.)''' Filling the mold and positioning the graphite foil '''b.)''' Pre-pressing of the FAST/SPS sample in a manual hand press '''c.)''' Removal of the upper punch after the pressing process and removal of adhering powder particles.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 5:''' '''''a.)''' Filling the mold and positioning the graphite foil '''b.)''' Pre-pressing of the FAST/SPS sample in a manual hand press '''c.)''' Removal of the upper punch after the pressing process and removal of adhering powder particles.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>ii.) '''Mounting of the tool and programming the FAST/SPS device:''' At the laboratory system HP-D 5, the programming of the FAST/SPS parameters can be done via a process controller type Stange SE607 ('''Figure 6'''). The main operating parameters temperature, pressing force, pulse length of the current and moving speed of the lower electrode is programmed in individual program segments. During the FAST/SPS cycle, all process data are shown on the controller display as a numerical values and as a time-resolved graph. In parallel, all data are saved via a data logger integrated in the system. By default, the data are transferred to an external PC for data management and further evaluation. Individual parameter sets of the users are also stored on the PC and can be easily transferred to the controller if required.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>ii.) '''Mounting of the tool and programming the FAST/SPS device:''' At the laboratory system HP-D 5, the programming of the FAST/SPS parameters can be done via a process controller type Stange SE607 ('''Figure 6'''). The main operating parameters temperature, pressing force, pulse length of the current and moving speed of the lower electrode is programmed in individual program segments. During the FAST/SPS cycle, all process data are shown on the controller display as a numerical values and as a time-resolved graph. In parallel, all data are saved via a data logger integrated in the system. By default, the data are transferred to an external PC for data management and further evaluation. Individual parameter sets of the users are also stored on the PC and can be easily transferred to the controller if required.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''-> </del>Figure <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6'''<br></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[File:</ins>Figure <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">06 FAST SPS.jpg|thumb]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 6:''' ''Display of the controller of the HP-D 5 device giving a compact overview of all process-relevant data.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 6:''' ''Display of the controller of the HP-D 5 device giving a compact overview of all process-relevant data.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 7''' shows the graphite tool mounted into the HP-D 5 devices as well as the CuBe electrodes. Optionally, the graphite tool can be thermally isolated with a jacket made of a graphite felt (not shown here). A graphite cord can be used to fix the graphite felt on the tool.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 7''' shows the graphite tool mounted into the HP-D 5 devices as well as the CuBe electrodes. Optionally, the graphite tool can be thermally isolated with a jacket made of a graphite felt (not shown here). A graphite cord can be used to fix the graphite felt on the tool.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''-> </del>Figure <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">7'''<br></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[File:</ins>Figure <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">07 FAST SPS.jpg|thumb]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 7:''' ''View on the processing chamber of the HP-D 5 device with mounted graphite tool. When installing the tool and the two cones, it should be noted that graphite is a brittle and shock-sensitive material and therefore breaks very easily. For this reason, sudden contact of all graphite parts with the other system components (stamp, chamber walls) must be avoided.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 7:''' ''View on the processing chamber of the HP-D 5 device with mounted graphite tool. When installing the tool and the two cones, it should be noted that graphite is a brittle and shock-sensitive material and therefore breaks very easily. For this reason, sudden contact of all graphite parts with the other system components (stamp, chamber walls) must be avoided.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l102" >Line 102:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 100:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>iii.) '''Choice and regulation of the sintering atmosphere:''' A FAST/SPS cycle is usually carried out in vacuum or under protective gas atmosphere. Accordingly, the process chamber is evacuated by a vacuum pump at the beginning of the cycle. In the laboratory device HP-D 5, a vacuum of approx. 0.5 mbar is achieved; in larger systems, this value can also be higher (e.g. 20 mbar for the DSP515). The quality of the vacuum depends on the sealing of the process chamber and the power of the vacuum pump. If aiming on a high vacuum, cost of the FAST/SPS device significantly increases. After evacuation, the chamber can optionally be flooded with gases such as N<sub>2</sub>, Ar or Ar/H<sub>2</sub> (static atmosphere control) or a continuous gas flow (dynamic atmosphere control). Figure 8 shows the valves for feeding the individual gases from the institute's gas store into the system. The evacuation of the process chamber and the optional supply of protective gases to the process chamber is regulated by the system control and takes place automated. The pressure in the process chamber is continuously recorded in the HP-D 5 device by two sensors with different measuring ranges (coarse sensor 1.0 - 1300 mbar, fine sensor 0.01 - 13 mbar), which are positioned at the gas outlet. For operation of the system under relative pressure (reduced pressure in relation to the ambient pressure), the system is also equipped with a relative pressure sensor, which enables to regulate the relative pressure in the range of 5 - 50 mbar. Static or dynamic operation is also possible in the relative pressure mode. A safety valve is used to protect the processing chamber against overpressure. The valve opens at an overpressure of 100 mbar above the ambient pressure. The pressure curve during the FAST/SPS cycle is recorded continuously. An analysis of the pressure curve can be helpful if components outgas from the sample or if the sample decomposes under the FAST/SPS conditions.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>iii.) '''Choice and regulation of the sintering atmosphere:''' A FAST/SPS cycle is usually carried out in vacuum or under protective gas atmosphere. Accordingly, the process chamber is evacuated by a vacuum pump at the beginning of the cycle. In the laboratory device HP-D 5, a vacuum of approx. 0.5 mbar is achieved; in larger systems, this value can also be higher (e.g. 20 mbar for the DSP515). The quality of the vacuum depends on the sealing of the process chamber and the power of the vacuum pump. If aiming on a high vacuum, cost of the FAST/SPS device significantly increases. After evacuation, the chamber can optionally be flooded with gases such as N<sub>2</sub>, Ar or Ar/H<sub>2</sub> (static atmosphere control) or a continuous gas flow (dynamic atmosphere control). Figure 8 shows the valves for feeding the individual gases from the institute's gas store into the system. The evacuation of the process chamber and the optional supply of protective gases to the process chamber is regulated by the system control and takes place automated. The pressure in the process chamber is continuously recorded in the HP-D 5 device by two sensors with different measuring ranges (coarse sensor 1.0 - 1300 mbar, fine sensor 0.01 - 13 mbar), which are positioned at the gas outlet. For operation of the system under relative pressure (reduced pressure in relation to the ambient pressure), the system is also equipped with a relative pressure sensor, which enables to regulate the relative pressure in the range of 5 - 50 mbar. Static or dynamic operation is also possible in the relative pressure mode. A safety valve is used to protect the processing chamber against overpressure. The valve opens at an overpressure of 100 mbar above the ambient pressure. The pressure curve during the FAST/SPS cycle is recorded continuously. An analysis of the pressure curve can be helpful if components outgas from the sample or if the sample decomposes under the FAST/SPS conditions.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''-> </del>Figure <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8'''<br></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[File:</ins>Figure <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">08 FAST SPS.jpg|thumb]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 8:''' ''Valves for flooding the processing chamber with the protective gases Ar, N<sub>2</sub>, Ar/H<sub>2</sub>.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 8:''' ''Valves for flooding the processing chamber with the protective gases Ar, N<sub>2</sub>, Ar/H<sub>2</sub>.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l111" >Line 111:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 109:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>iv.) '''Performing of the FAST/SPS cycle:''' After the device has been prepared, the selected program is started and runs automatically. '''Figure 9''' shows the graphite die during the heating process. As already mentioned, the operation of FAST/SPS devices is usually temperature-controlled. This means that the controller defines the temperature and the system regulates the current and voltage in such a way that the temperature profile is adhered to the specification as precisely as possible. In order to keep the deviations from the programmed temperature curve as low as possible, the system is equipped with a PID control (PID = Proportional-Integral-Derivative). This control unit iteratively adapt the optimal current and voltage curves for heating the tool to the respective electrical resistance of the tool.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>iv.) '''Performing of the FAST/SPS cycle:''' After the device has been prepared, the selected program is started and runs automatically. '''Figure 9''' shows the graphite die during the heating process. As already mentioned, the operation of FAST/SPS devices is usually temperature-controlled. This means that the controller defines the temperature and the system regulates the current and voltage in such a way that the temperature profile is adhered to the specification as precisely as possible. In order to keep the deviations from the programmed temperature curve as low as possible, the system is equipped with a PID control (PID = Proportional-Integral-Derivative). This control unit iteratively adapt the optimal current and voltage curves for heating the tool to the respective electrical resistance of the tool.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''-> </del>Figure <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">9'''<br></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[File:</ins>Figure <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">09 FAST SPS.jpg|thumb]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 9:''' ''View on the heated graphite tool (punch diameter 20 mm) in the laboratory device HP-D 5. When operating a FAST/SPS system, it should be noted that the high currents in the system cause strong electromagnetic fields, which can damage pacemakers and others sensitive electronic devices.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 9:''' ''View on the heated graphite tool (punch diameter 20 mm) in the laboratory device HP-D 5. When operating a FAST/SPS system, it should be noted that the high currents in the system cause strong electromagnetic fields, which can damage pacemakers and others sensitive electronic devices.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l117" >Line 117:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 115:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At the end of the cycle, the sample can be pressed out of the graphite tool using a hand press, as shown in '''Figure 10'''.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At the end of the cycle, the sample can be pressed out of the graphite tool using a hand press, as shown in '''Figure 10'''.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''-> </del>Figure 10<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''<br></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[File:</ins>Figure 10 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FAST SPS.jpg|thumb]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 10:''' ''Demoulding the sample from the FAST/SPS tool using a hand press. When removing the tool from the FAST/SPS device, please take care since the tool can still be hot.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 10:''' ''Demoulding the sample from the FAST/SPS tool using a hand press. When removing the tool from the FAST/SPS device, please take care since the tool can still be hot.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
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</table>W.rheinheimerhttps://apps.fz-juelich.de/ceramics/index.php?title=Field_assisted_sintering_technology/spark_plasma_sintering&diff=273&oldid=prevW.rheinheimer: /* How to conduct a standard FAST/SPS cycle */2021-08-23T13:26:39Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">How to conduct a standard FAST/SPS cycle</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:26, 23 August 2021</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''-> Figure 4'''<br></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''-> Figure 4'''<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:Wiki Keramik FAST SPS Abb 04 new.jpg|thumb|center]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 4:''' ''Preparation of the graphite tool and the insert foil for the FAST/SPS cycle. For accurate sample preparation, the powder should be directly balanced in the tool. Furthermore, it is recommended to handle the powder in a hood.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 4:''' ''Preparation of the graphite tool and the insert foil for the FAST/SPS cycle. For accurate sample preparation, the powder should be directly balanced in the tool. Furthermore, it is recommended to handle the powder in a hood.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
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</table>W.rheinheimerhttps://apps.fz-juelich.de/ceramics/index.php?title=Field_assisted_sintering_technology/spark_plasma_sintering&diff=272&oldid=prevW.rheinheimer: /* How to conduct a standard FAST/SPS cycle */2021-08-23T13:22:36Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">How to conduct a standard FAST/SPS cycle</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:22, 23 August 2021</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l33" >Line 33:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== How to conduct a standard FAST/SPS cycle ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== How to conduct a standard FAST/SPS cycle ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In this section, the processing steps for sintering a ceramic powder via FAST/SPS are explained in detail. For conducting FAST/SPS cycles, the following three devices are available at the institute IEK-1 ('''Figure 3''').</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In this section, the processing steps for sintering a ceramic powder via FAST/SPS are explained in detail. For conducting FAST/SPS cycles, the following three devices are available at the institute IEK-1 ('''Figure 3''').</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''-> Figure 3'''<br></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Wiki_Keramik_FAST_SPS_Abb_03_new.png|thumb|center]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Wiki_Keramik_FAST_SPS_Abb_03_new.png|thumb|center]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>W.rheinheimerhttps://apps.fz-juelich.de/ceramics/index.php?title=Field_assisted_sintering_technology/spark_plasma_sintering&diff=271&oldid=prevW.rheinheimer: /* How to conduct a standard FAST/SPS cycle */2021-08-23T13:22:23Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">How to conduct a standard FAST/SPS cycle</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:22, 23 August 2021</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l36" >Line 36:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''-> Figure 3'''<br></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''-> Figure 3'''<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Figure_03_FAST_SPS</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">jpg</del>|thumb|center]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wiki_Keramik_FAST_SPS_Abb_03_new</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">png</ins>|thumb|center]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 3:''' ''FAST/SPS devices at the institute IEK-1 '''a.)''' Laboratory device HP-D 5 '''b.)''' Hybrid sintering system H-HP-D25 SD/FL/MoSi '''c.)''' Sintering press DSP515 on industrial scale.''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Figure 3:''' ''FAST/SPS devices at the institute IEK-1 '''a.)''' Laboratory device HP-D 5 '''b.)''' Hybrid sintering system H-HP-D25 SD/FL/MoSi '''c.)''' Sintering press DSP515 on industrial scale.''</div></td></tr>
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